![]() Moreover, t ragic optimism means that people are capable of optimism in spite of the tragic triad. For example, a person subjected to an incurable disease or placed in a concentration camp can still discover meaning even though his or her situation seems dire (Hatt, 1965). He stressed that people should not suffer unnecessarily in order find meaning but that meaning was possible when suffering is inevitable. Frankl contends that everything can be taken away from a person but the freedom to choose one’s attitude (Frankl, 1959). Attitudinal values speak of the potential to make meaningful choices in situations of suffering and adversity (Gelman & Gallo, 2009). Experiential values consist of encountering another human, such as a loved one, or by experiencing the world through a state of receptivity such as appreciating natural beauty (Hatt, 1965). Creative values consist of achievement of tasks such as painting a picture or tending a flowerbed (Boeree, 2006). Thus, Frankl purports that people can discover meaning through creative, experiential, and attitudinal values (Hatt, 1965). Lastly, the third basic principle states that humanity has the freedom of attitudinal choice, even in situations of unchangeable affliction (Frankl, 1959). The second principle is that the main motivational force is the desire to find meaning in life. The first basic principle is that life has meaning in all circumstances, even despondent ones. Logotherapy is composed of three basic principles. Thus, logotherapy regards its assignment as that of assisting a patient to find meaning in life (Frankl, 1959). Moreover, logotherapists do not prescribe meaning to a patient but rather describe the process of how meaning is obtained in hopes of providing the patient with a sense of fulfillment (Thorne & Henley 2005). Frankl clarifies that this search for meaning does not have any relation to spirituality or religion, but strictly relates to finding purpose in one’s life or tasks (Somani, 2009). This search for meaning in one’s life is postulated as the primary motivational force (Frankl, 1959). ![]() ![]() Hence, logotherapy focuses on a person’s search for meaning. Logos is the Greek word, which denotes meaning. Logotherapy focuses on the future aspects of a patient’s life, more specifically the meaning that one intends to fulfill (Boeree, 2006). Logotherapy is different from psychoanalysis in that its methods are less retrospective and less introspective (Frankl, 1959). Depth psychology focused on insights from the natural and unconscious processes within a person, but height psychology promoted the idea that people could transcend these natural processes (Pytell, 2003). Originally logotherapy was called height psychology in response to the Freudian concept of depth psychology. Adler promoted the will to power, Freud stressed the pleasure principle and Frankl the will to meaning (Boeree, 2006). Furthermore, logotherapy is referred to as the Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy (Hatt, 1965). Logotherapy is often subsumed under the headings of humanistic psychology and existential psychology (Ponsaran, 2007).
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